Telecommunication companies use this to approximate the location of a mobile phone, and thereby also its user. The location of a mobile phone can be determined using the service provider's network infrastructure. The advantage of network-based techniques, from a service provider's point of view, is that they can be implemented non-intrusively without affecting handsets. Network-based techniques were developed many years prior to the widespread availability of GPS on handsets. See US , issued 21 May for one of the first works relating to this.
The technology of locating is based on measuring power levels and antenna patterns and uses the concept that a powered mobile phone always communicates wirelessly with one of the closest base stations , so knowledge of the location of the base station implies the cell phone is nearby. Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone is located and roughly estimate also the distance to the base station.
Further approximation can be done by interpolating signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to 50 meters in urban areas where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers base stations is sufficiently high.
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GSM localization uses multilateration to determine the location of GSM mobile phones, or dedicated trackers, usually with the intent to locate the user. The accuracy of network-based techniques varies, with cell identification as the least accurate, due to differential signals transposing between towers, otherwise known as "bouncing signals". Triangulation is moderately accurate, and the newer "advanced forward link trilateration " timing methods are the most accurate. The accuracy of network-based techniques depends on the concentration of cell base stations, with urban environments achieving the highest accuracy because of the high density of cell towers.
Their accuracy also depends on the implementation of the most current timing methods. One of the key challenges of network-based techniques is the requirement to work closely with the service provider, as it entails the installation of hardware and software within the operator's infrastructure. Frequently the compulsion associated with a legislative framework, such as Enhanced , is required before a service provider will deploy a solution. In December , it emerged that the Israeli surveillance company Rayzone Group may have gained access, in , to the SS7 signaling system via cellular network provider Sure Guernsey , thereby being able to track the location of any cellphone globally.
The location of a mobile phone can be determined using client software installed on the handset. Another approach is to use a fingerprinting-based technique, [8] [9] [10] where the "signature" of the home and neighboring cells signal strengths at different points in the area of interest is recorded by war-driving and matched in real-time to determine the handset location.
This is usually performed independent from the carrier.
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The key disadvantage of handset-based techniques, from service provider's point of view, is the necessity of installing software on the handset. It requires the active cooperation of the mobile subscriber as well as software that must be able to handle the different operating systems of the handsets. Google Maps. One proposed work-around is the installation of embedded hardware or software on the handset by the manufacturers, e. This avenue has not made significant headway, due to the difficulty of convincing different manufacturers to cooperate on a common mechanism and to address the cost issue.
Another difficulty would be to address the issue of foreign handsets that are roaming in the network. The type of information obtained via the SIM can differ from that which is available from the handset. For example, it may not be possible to obtain any raw measurements from the handset directly, yet still obtain measurements via the SIM. Crowdsourced Wi-Fi data can also be used to identify a handset's location. Hybrid positioning systems use a combination of network-based and handset-based technologies for location determination. Both types of data are thus used by the telephone to make the location more accurate i.
Alternatively tracking with both systems can also occur by having the phone attain its GPS-location directly from the satellites , and then having the information sent via the network to the person that is trying to locate the telephone. In order to route calls to a phone, cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone.
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As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal, and the phone is "roamed" to an adjacent tower as appropriate. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple antenna towers, a general location of a phone can be roughly determined.
Other means make use of the antenna pattern, which supports angular determination and phase discrimination. Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on but not active in a telephone call. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand-over of the phone from one base station to another. A phone's location can be shared with friends and family, posted to a public website, recorded locally, or shared with other users of a smartphone app. The inclusion of GPS receivers on smartphones has made geographical apps nearly ubiquitous on these devices.
Specific applications include:. In January , the location of her iPhone as determined by her sister helped Boston police find kidnapping victim Olivia Ambrose. Locating or positioning touches upon delicate privacy issues, since it enables someone to check where a person is without the person's consent. In Malte Spitz held a TED talk [18] on the issue of mobile phone privacy in which he showcased his own stored data that he received from Deutsche Telekom after suing the company.
He described the data, which consists of 35, lines of data collected during the span of Germany 's data retention at the time, saying, "This is six months of my life [ Spitz concluded that technology consumers are the key to challenging privacy norms in today's society who "have to fight for self determination in the digital age. Chinese government has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of Beijing city residents.
In Europe most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the secrecy of correspondence , and location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself. In the United States , there is a limited constitutional guarantee on the privacy of telecommunications through the Fourth Amendment.
United States that the government violates the Fourth Amendment by accessing historical records containing the physical locations of cellphones without a search warrant.
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Find your stuff on iCloud. You take your devices everywhere. Which means you might leave them anywhere. Is your iPad at home or back at the office? Use the map to get a full picture of where your devices are — and where a missing one might be. Some devices can also mark their location when the battery is critically low, to help you find them even if they run out of power.
Your AirPods play a specifically designed sound that can project across a room — and even farther. If your device or AirTag goes missing, you can put it in Lost Mode. That starts tracking its location, sends you a notification when it pings the network, and sets your passcode to protect your data. You can also let people know how to reach you. Worried that your device has fallen into the wrong hands? You may want to erase it remotely to delete your personal data and reset your iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Apple Watch, or Mac. If you retrieve it, you can restore your data from your iCloud backup.
Activation Lock is designed to prevent anyone else from using or selling your device. Your Apple ID and password will then be required in order to erase or reactivate your device. Nearby devices securely send the location of your missing device to iCloud, then you can see where it is in the Find My app. Misplaced your keys? Forgot your purse? The Find My network can help you track down items on a map. You can play a sound on your AirTag to find something hiding nearby — you can even get the distance and direction to your AirTag with Precision Finding.
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Part 1: How to Track a Cell Phone Location Without Them Knowing
Invite friends and family members to share their locations. So you can keep in touch with one another, coordinate around an event, or know when a family member has arrived home safely. If you like, you can get notifications when your child arrives at school or a family member leaves work.
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Notifications are easy to set up, and each person gets the choice to opt in. Find My technology can now be built into all kinds of things — like bikes, headphones, and more.